Published 2021-06-25
Keywords
- Happiness,
- Sociodemographic,
- Nonlinear Canonical Correlation,
- Optimal Scaling
- Mutluluk, Mutluluğun Belirleyicileri, Doğrusal Olmayan Kanonik Korelasyon, Optimal Ölçekleme
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2021 Selay Giray Yakut- N. Ece Bacaksız- Ceren Camkıran
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between the perception of happiness and socio-demographic characteristics in Turkey using the Life Satisfaction Survey conducted by the Turkish Statistical Institute in 2017. For this purpose, nonlinear canonical correlation analysis was performed on a dataset of 4261 employees. Socio-demographic characteristics evaluated the variable set consisting of both the individual's direct perception happiness and the conceptual/personal sources of happiness. Consistent with the literature, it was seen that socio-demographic variables impacted the levels of happiness in Turkey. The main findings show that marital status has the highest effect on perceived happiness, and married people are happier than the unmarried ones. Age has a negative, educational background has a positive effect. For employment status, it is notable that per diem employees are unhappy. Besides, a detailed perspective to researchers working towards increasing perceived happiness by evaluating the identified sub-groups of working individuals living in Turkey is provided.
References
- Abdullah, Y. A., & Zulkifli, F. L. (2016). Concepts and Theories of Happiness of Population in Urban Neighbourhoods. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 1(1), 260-268.
- Acar, Y. (2020). How Important are Social Relations for Happiness? Empirical Evidence from Turkey. Journal of Economics, Business & Political Studies, 7(1):1-9
- Ahn, N., Garcia, J. R., & Jimeno, J. F. (2004). The impact of unemployment on individual well-being in the EU. Europen Network of Economic Policy Research Institutes, Working paper, No: 29.
- Alesina, A., Di Tela, R., & MacCulloch, R. (2003). Inequality and happiness: Are Europeans and Americans different? NBER and CEPR Harvard Business School Princeton University, Working paper.
- Amole, D. (2009). Residential satisfaction in students’ housing. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(1), 76-85.
- Arı, E. & Yıldız, Z. (2016). Bireylerin yaşam memnuniyetini etkileyen faktörlerin sıralı lojistik regresyon analizi ile incelenmesi. Journal of International Social Research, 9(42), 1362- 1374.
- Babadağ, K., Uyanık, D., & Yılmaz, S. (2009). Yaşam memnuniyeti anketi ‘nin veri madenciliği süreci ile incelenmesi. 18. İstatistik Araştırma Sempozyumu. Ankara.
- Bassi, M., Steca, P., Monzani, D., Greco, A.& Delle Fave, A. (2014). Personality and optimal experience in adolescence: implications for well-being and development. Journal of Happiness Studies 15, 829–843.
- Beja, E.L. (2018). The U-shaped relationship between happiness and age: evidence using world values survey data. Quality&Quantity, 52(4), 1817–1829
- Blanchflower, G. D. & Oswald, J. A. (2004). Well-being over time in Britain and the USA, Journal of Public Economics, 88 (7-8), 1359–1386.
- Bonasia, M., Napolitano, O., & Spagnolo, N. (2018). Happy PIIGS?. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(6), 1763-1782.
- Botha, F. & Booysen, F. (2014). Family functioning and life satisfaction and happiness in South African households. Social Indicators Research, 119, 163-182.
- Bozkuş, S., Çevik, E.İ. & Üçdoğruk, Ş. (2006) Bireysel refah ve mutluluk düzeyine etki eden faktörlerin sıralı logit ile modellenmesi: Türkiye örneği. 15. İstatistik Araştırma Sempozyumu, 11-12 May, 2006.
- Brzezinski, M. (2019). Diagnosing unhappiness dynamics: evidence from Poland and Russia. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(7), 2291-2327.
- Bülbül, Ş. & Giray, S. (2011). Sosyodemografik özellikler ile mutluluk algısı arasındaki ilişki yapısının analizi. Ege Academic Review, 11(Special Issue), 113-123.
- Cheng, Z., & Smyth, R. (2015). Crime victimization, neighborhood safety and happiness in China. Economic Modelling, 51, 424-435.
- Cid, A., Ferres, D.& Rossi, M. (2008). Testing happiness hypotheses among the elderly, Cuadernos de Economia, 27, 23-45.
- Clark, A. E., & Oswald, A. J. (1996). Satisfaction and comparison income. Journal of Public Economics, 61(3), 359-381.
- Costanza, D. P., Badger, J. M., Fraser, R. L., Severt, J. B., & Gade, P. A. (2012). Generational differences in work-related attitudes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(4), 375–394.
- Çopur, Z., Çiçek, B. & Pekmezci, P. (2015) Kaynakların yeterliği algısı ve yaşam tatmini arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyolojik Araştırmalar E-Dergisi, 1-15.
- Demir, M., Özdemir, M.& Weitekamp, L.A. (2007). Looking to happy tomorrows with friends: best and close friendships as they predict happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(2),243-271.
- Demir, M., & Özdemir, M. (2010). Friendship, need satisfaction and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11(2), 243-259.
- Devine, J., Hinks, T., & Naveed, A. (2019). Happiness in Bangladesh: The role of religion and connectedness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(2), 351-371.
- Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-Being. Psychological Bulletin, 75(3):542–575.
- Ding, J., Salinas-Jiménez, J., & del Mar Salinas-Jiménez, M. (2020). The impact of income inequality on subjective well-being: The case of China. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1-22.
- Dumludag, D., Gokdemir, O., & Giray, S. (2016). Income comparison, collectivism and life satisfaction in Turkey. Quality & Quantity, 50(3), 955-980.
- Easterlin, R.(1974). Does economic growth improve the human lot? In: David, Paul A., Reder, Melvin W. (eds.) Nations and Households in Economic Growth: Essays in Honor of Moses Abramovitz. Academic Press Inc, New York (1974).
- Easterlin, R.A. (2001). Income And Happiness: Towards a unified theory. The Economic Journal,111 (July), 465-484.
- Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. (2005). Income and well-being: an empirical analysis of the comparison income effect. Journal of Public Economics, 89(5), 997–1019.
- Fischer, J. A. (2009). Happiness and age cycles - return to start...?: On the functional relationship between subjective well-being and age. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 99, OECD Publishing.
- Frey, B. S. & Stutzer, A. (2000). Maximising happiness?. German economic review, 1(2), 145-167.
- Frey, B. S. & Stutzer, A. (2002). What can economists learn from happiness research?. Journal of Economic literature, 40(2), 402-435.
- Gifi A. (1981). Non Linear Multivariate Analysis, Department of Data theory, University of Leiden. (Updated version: 1990, same title, J. Wiley, Chichester.)
- Gifi, A. (1989). Algorithm descriptions for ANACOR, HOMALS, PRINCALS and OVERALS. Department of Data Theory, University of Leiden, Research Report, RR 89-01, 26p.
- Gifi, A. (1996). Nonlinear multivariate analysis. 3. Edition. Chichester: John Wiley&Sons Publication.
- Gilbert, D. (2010). Does marriage make us happy? American Psychological Association https://www.apa.org/monitor/2010/10/marriage. Accessed 20 Jul 2020.
- Gitmez, A. S. & Morcöl, G. (1994). Socio-economic status and life satisfaction in Turkey. Social Indicators Research, 31(1), 77-98.
- Golob, T. F. & Recker, W. W. (2003). A method for relating type of crash to traffic flow characteristics on urban freeways, California Path Program Institute of Transporttation Studies, University of California, 33p.
- Graafland, J. & Lous, B. (2019). Income inequality, life satisfaction inequality and trust: a cross country panel analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(6), 1717-1737.
- Graham, C. (2004). Can happiness research contribute to development Economics?. Washington DC: The Brookings Institution.
- Hamplová, D. (2019). Does work make mothers happy?. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(2), 471-497.
- Hori, M. & Kamo, Y. (2018). Gender differences in happiness: The effects of marriage, social roles, and social support in East Asia. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 13(4), 839-857.
- Hyun, E.M., Bauer, J.W. & Hogan, M.J. (1993). Resource adequacy perception and marital satisfaction of rural wives and husbands: a no recursive model. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 14(3), 215-236.
- Karabati, S., Ensari, N. & Fiorentino, D. (2019). Job satisfaction, rumination, and subjective well-being: A moderated mediational model. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(1), 251-268.
- Korkmaz, M., Germir, H.N., Yücel A.S. & Gürkan, A. (2015). Yaşam memnuniyeti üzerinde etkili olan sosyodemografik bileşenler üzerine bir analiz. Uluslararası Hakemli Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 03(2), 78-111.
- Kümbül Güler, B. & Emeç, H. (2006). Yaşam memnuniyeti ve akademik başarıda iyimserlik etkisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 21(2), 129-149.
- Lelkes, O. (2006). Knowing what is good for you: empirical analysis of personal preferences and the ‘‘objective good’’. Journal of Socio-Economics, 35, 285–307.
- Li, N. P., & Kanazawa, S. (2016). Country roads, take me home… to my friends: How intelligence, population density, and friendship affect modern happiness. British Journal of Psychology, 107(4), 675-697.
- Lodhi, F.S., Rabbani, U., Khan, A.A., Irum, S. Naieni& K.H. (2020). Quality of life and its predictors among Pakistani head of household in district Abbottabad, Pakistan. Quality & Quantity 54:1129–1143.
- Mangeloja, E. & Hirvonen, T. (2007). What makes university students happy?, International Review of Economic Education, 6(2), 27-41.
- Markussen, T., Fibæk, M., Tarp, F. & Tuan, N. D. A. (2018). The happy farmer: self-employment and subjective well-being in rural Vietnam. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(6), 1613-1636.
- Mateu, P., Vásquez, E., Zúñiga, J. & Ibáñez, F. (2020). Happiness and poverty in the very poor Peru: measurement improvements and a consistent relationship. Quality & Quantity, 1-20.
- Michailidis, G. & De Leeuw, J. (1998). The Gifi System for Nonlinear Multivariate Analysis. Statistical Science 13(4), 1-46.
- Moghaddam, M. (2008). Happiness, faith, friends, and fortune—Empirical evidence from the 1998 US survey data. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(4), 577-587.
- Ngoo, Y. T. & Tey, N. P., & Tan, E. C. (2015). Determinants of life satisfaction in Asia. Social Indicators Research, 124(1), 141-156.
- Nieboer, A.P. & Cramm, J.M. (2018). Age-friendly communities matter for older people’s well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies 19, 2405–2420.
- Öztürk, L., Meral, İ.G. & Yılmaz, S.S. (2017). Lisans öğrencilerinin mutluluk ve akademik başarı ilişkisi: Kırıkkale Üniversitesi örneği. International Journal of Disciplines In Economics and Administrative Sciences Studies (IDEAstudies), 3(4), 77-85.
- Park, C. (2009) The quality of life in South Korea. Social Indicator Research, 92, 263-294.
- Quoidbach, J., Taquet, M., Desseilles, M., de Montjoye, Y. A. & Gross, J. J. (2019). Happiness and social behavior. Psychological science, 30(8), 1111-1122.
- Requena, F. (1995). Friendship and subjective well-being in spain: a cross-national comparison with the United States. Social Indicators Research, 35, 271-288.
- Rodogno, R. (2016). Prudential value or well-being. Handbook of Value: Perspectives from Economics, Neuroscience, Philosophy, Psychology and Sociology, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 287-312.
- Saphire-Bernstein, S. & Taylor, S. E. (2013). Close relationships and happiness, in Oxford Handbook of Happiness, eds S. A. David, I. Boniwell, and A. Conley Ayers (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 821–833.
- Schroeder, T. (2006). Desire. Philosophy Compass, 1(6), 631–639.
- Schwarze, J. & Winkelmann, R. (2005). What can happiness research tell us about altruism? Evidence from the German Socio-Economic Panel. IZA Discussion Paper, No.1487.
- Scoppa, V. & Ponzo, M. (2008). An empirical study of happiness in Italy. The B.E. Journal of Economics Analysis&Policy Contributions, 8,Article 15.
- Seghieri, C., Desantis, G., & Tanturri, M. L. (2006). The richer, the happier? An empirical investigation in selected European countries. Social Indicators Research, 79, 455–476.
- Seligman, M. E. P., & Royzman, E. (2003). Happiness: The three traditional theories. Retrieved from:
- https://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/newsletters/authentichappiness/happiness.
- Selim, S. (2008). Life satisfaction and happiness in Turkey. Social Indicators Research, 88(3), 531-562.
- Senik, C. (2009). Direct evidence on income comparisons and their welfare effects. Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization, 72, 408–424 .
- Servet, O. (2017). Mutluluğun Türkiye’deki belirleyenlerinin zaman içinde değişimi. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 17(35), 16-42.
- Sironi, E. (2019). Job satisfaction as a determinant of employees’ optimal well-being in an instrumental variable approach. Quality & Quantity, 53(4), 1721-1742.
- Sousa, L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2001). Life satisfaction. In J. Worell (Ed.), Encylopedia of women and gender: Sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender (Vol. 2, pp. 667-676). . San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
- Susanlı, Z. B. (2018). Life satisfaction and unemployment in Turkey: evidence from Life Satisfaction Surveys 2004–2013. Quality & Quantity, 52(1), 479-499.
- Takebayashi, Y., Tanaka, K., Sugiura, Y.& Sugiura, T. (2018). Well-being and generalized anxiety in Japanese undergraduates: a prospective cohort study. Journal of Happiness Studies 19, 917–937.
- Tella, R., MacCulloch M.J.& Oswalds,A.J. (2003). The macroeconomics in happiness. The Review Of Economics And Statistics, 85(4), 809-827.
- Tran, T.Q. & Vu, H. V. (2018). A microeconometric analysis of housing and life satisfaction among the Vietnamese elderly. Quality&Quantity, 52, 849–867.
- Tucker, K. L., Ozer, D. J., Lyubomirsky, S. & Boehm, J. K. (2006). Testing for measurement invariance in the satisfaction with life scale: A comparison of Russians and North Americans. Social Indicators Research, 78(2), 341–360.
- Van der Burg, E., De Leeuw, J. & Verdegaal, R. (1984). Nonlinear Canonical Correlation with m sets of Variables. Meeting of the Psychometric Society in Jouren-Josas France, 1-31.
- Van der Burg, E., De Leeuw, J. & Verdegaal, R. (1988). Homogeneity Analysis with k Sets of Variables: An Alternating Least Squares Method with Optimal Scaling Features. Psychometrika, 53(2), 177-197.
- Vang, Z. M., Hou, F. & Elder, K. (2019). Perceived religious discrimination, religiosity, and life satisfaction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(6), 1913-1932.
- Veenhoven, R.(1984). Conditions of Happiness. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht.
- Veenhoven, R. (1991). Is happiness relative?. Social indicators research, 24(1), 1-34.
- Veenhoven, R. (1996). Developments in satisfaction-research. Social Indicators Research 37(1): 1–46.
- Veenhoven, R. (2003). Hedonism and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 4, 437–457.
- Venetoklis, T. (2019). Do interactions cancel associations of subjective well-being with individual-level socioeconomic characteristics? An exploratory analysis using the European Social Survey. Quality & Quantity, 53(6), 3033-3061.
- Weber, J. & Urick, M. J. (2017). Examining the millennials’ ethical profile: Assessing demographic variations in their personal value orientations. Business and Society Review 122(4), 469–506.
- World Happiness Report (2019). https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2019/ Accessed 25 Jul 2020.
- Yıldız, M. L. & Giray Yakut, S. (2019). İşyerinde etik algısı cinsiyete ve kuşaklara göre değişir mi? Türkiye’deki çalışanlar üzerine ampirik bir çalışma. Istanbul Business Research, 48(2).
- Zemke, R. Raines, C., & Filipczak, B. (2013). Generations at work: Managing the Clash of Veterans, Boomers, Xers, and Nexters in Your Workplace, Second Edition, Amacom.